To classification groundwater quality in the study area, three wells were drilled at a depth of 10m and selected two locations across Al Warrar Canal to represent their water quality. Water samples were collected from these wells and the Warrar Canal to examine water quality. Then results were compared against the World Health Organization (WHO) limits to study the Index of Water Quality (WQI). WQI was calculated according to the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME), and the quality of water was evaluated for domestic and irrigation uses. The samples were tested for electrical conductivity, pH, temperature, total dissolved solids, chloride, total hardness, nitrate, and alkalinity according to the standard methods. The results of laboratory analysis showed significant differences among the wells and Warrar Canal water quality in the measured parameters according to WHO limits. Due to many human activities like urbanization, agrarian overflow, drainage of untreated sewage, and industrialization, high values of trace elements and heavy metals were recorded in wells three. For agriculture purposes, the results show that the water in the three wells is very high salinity, where the Warrar Canal is high salinity, and Canal water causes saline and alkali damages. It was recommended that the WQI in three wells was poor water quality whereas, marginal water quality was pointed in AL Warrar Canal.
Electrical resistivity, observations well and lithological data are used for the groundwater investigation in the piedmont zone Ratmau –Pathri Rao watershed in Haridawre Districted of Uttaranchal India, The analysis of the resistivity data in the light of known lithology indicates that two aquifer (shallow and deep) are generally present in the area The resistivity of aquifers are generally varies in wide range. This is due to the presence of different size of ranges of grains condition consisting of fine sand and gravel (pebble) in the Tarai zone which further grade to coarser material (Boulder in the Bhabhar zone)
The study included evaluating water ten wells in the area Dabaa within the western region of Iraq for agricultural use, as has been the study of water quality of these wells during the year by conducting a full analysis of water samples and assess suitability for irrigation depending on the standard specifications of the Food and Agriculture Organization. As the analysis results showed that all the studied wells located within the water of light to moderate in terms of the seriousness of Electrical conductivity if used for irrigation, and sodium adsorption ratio values for all water wells studied were within the Has no influence soil permeability. It turned out that the Toxic Effect of these water plants were mild to moderate effect for sodium either chloride was degree selection of non-toxic to light moderate, and that the use method Piper for the classification of water showed that it quality predominantly Na+, Mg +2, Ca+2 - Mg+2 , Ca+2 for positive ions and water quality sulphurous HCO3-, SO4 = predominantly basal in terms of negative ions.
ABSTRACT:The resistance of concrete to sulfate attack is considered as one of the important factors for concrete durability.The effect of SBR polymer on sulfate resistance of concrete is investigated. Both internal and external sulfate attack are considered.Internal sulfate attack was made by adding gypsum to raise the sulfate content of sand to that of Ramadi city soil (2.17%), while the external sulfate attack was made by adding chemical materials (MgSO4.7H2O, Na2SO4, CaCl2.2H2O, NaCl) to tap water to convert it into water similar to groundwater of Ramadi city.The laboratory tests were compressive and flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, slump, ultra-sound velocity and total percentage of sulfate after exposing to attack for different ages. It was found that the compressive strength of reinforced normal concrete (RNC) for ages (7,28,90,180) days respectively were (20,28,11.166,7) MPa, the compressive strength of polymer Portland cement concrete( PPCC) with polymer/cement ratio( P/C)=5% (PPCC5) were (21.83,32.666,12.766,8.733) MPa and for PPCC with (P/C)=10% were (24.166,35.866,15.533,11.366)MPa.While the flexural strength of RNC for different ages (7,28,90,180) respectively were (3.953,3.7,1.68,11.305) MPa, the flexural strength of PPCC5 were (4.05,5.025,2.13,1.605) MPa and for PPCC10 were (4.43,6.375,2.43,1.92) MPa.The static modulus of elasticity at age (28) days for (RNC) was (37.4) GPa , for PPCC5 was (9.7) GPa and for PPCC10 was (13.63) GPa.Slump for (RNC) was (155) mm, for PPCC5 was (142) mm and for PPCC10 was (75) mm.T he ultra-sound velocity of RNC for ages (7,28,90,180) respectively were (4.2,4.445,4.203,4.53) Km/sec , for PPCC5 were (4.36,4.646,4.53,4.176) Km/sec and for PPCC10 were (4.437,4.837,4.656,4.52) Km/sec.It was found that (PPCC10) has higher resistance to sulfate attack than (PPCC5) and (NRC). The thesis refers to necessity of polymer to improve the resistance of concrete to sulfate attack although if the sulfate percentage raise to more than (0.5) % which represents the maximum limit of sulfate percentage in I.O.S No. 45-1970.
Wadi Houran is one of the largest valleys in Iraq. Although it is discharging billions of rainfall water over/during many years to Euphrates river, it's almost devoid of agricultural investment. The current study aims to focus on this important valley water resource and study the possibility of constructing a series of small dams to store rainfall water and planting forestry and establishing a natural reserve that is able to sustain and improve ecology system. Target area of 4000 km2 is selected in the midstream of the valley. In general, it is about one billion m3 of rainwater flowing to Euphrates River during some years with yearly average values about 400 Mm3. Four dams were constructed to store about 46 Mm3 of rainwater. It is possible to construct small-dam-series of optimal height and location to expand the rainwater harvesting and groundwater recharging. A Current study was done and aimed to establish of oases and natural reserves in order to improve climate conditions, minimize the dust and CO2, mitigation of summer high temperature and decrease the soil erosion due to torrents. This study recommended constructing 13 optimal height dams that store about 303 Mm3 of water, and increase the water surface area of reservoirs in this valley from 15 to 90 km2which leads increase the water volume that is recharging ground water from 4.7 Mm3 to 28 Mm3 per year.