This research includes the study of improving impact resistance of concrete using styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) with different weight ratios of polymer to cement 3%, 5% and 10%. Two series of polymer modified concrete (PMC) were produced the first level I with moderate compressive strength and the other level II with higher compressive strength. Cubes, prisms and panels were made as follows: Results showed an improvement in impact resistance of polymer modified concrete (PMC) over reference concrete in low-velocity and high-velocity impact properties. In conducting low-velocity impact tests, method of repeated falling mass was used: 1300gm steel ball falling freely from three heights 2400mm, 1200mm and 830mm. In high-velocity impact tests, shooting of 7.62mm bullets was applied to slab specimens from distance of 15m. The improvements were significant in low velocity impact resistance. The maximum increases were (33.33%, 75% and 83.33%) at ultimate failure for falling mass heights 2400mm, 1200mm and 830mm respectively. In high-velocity impact strength tests, maximum reductions recorded in spalling area were (18.5% and 27%) for polymer modified concrete (level I) with moderate compressive strength and polymer modified concrete (level II) with higher compressive strength.Maximum reductions recorded in scabbing area were (11.42% and 35.6%) for polymer modified concrete (level I) with moderate compressive strength and polymer modified concrete (level II) with higher compressive strength, respectively.
This research investigates the impact resistance of concrete slabs with different volume perecentage replacement ratios of waste plastic fibers (originaly made from soft drink bottles) as follows : 0.5%, 1% and 1.5%. Reference mix produced in order to compare the result. For the selected mixes, cubes with (100×100×100mm) were made to test compressive strength at age of (90) days. Flexural strength (Modulus of Rupture) test was also conducted using prisms sample of (500*100*100 mm) dimensions. The low-velocity impact test was conducted by the method of repeated falling mass where 1400gm steel ball was used. The ball falling freely from height of 2400mm on concrete panels of (500×500×50 mm) having a mesh of waste plastic fiber.The number of blows that caused first crack and final crack (failure) were determined, according to the former obtained results , the total energy was calculated. Results showed an improvement in mechanical properties for mixes containing plastic fibers compared with reference mix. For compressive strength the maximum increase in compressive strength was equal to (3.2%) at age of (90) days. Flexural strengths for mixes containing plastic fiber at ages 28, and 90 days are higher than that of these of reference mix. The maximum value of increaseing was (18%) for 28 days age of test and it was equal to (26%) for 90 days age of test for the mixture with plastic fiber content by volume equal to (1%) . Results showed a significant improvement in low-velocity impact resistance of all mixes contining waste plastic fibers when comparing with reference mix. Results illustrated that mix with (1.5%) waste plastic fibers by volume give the higher impact resistance at failure than the others. The magnitude of an increase over reference mix was equal to (340%).
AbstractThis study deals with establishing high-velocity impact properties of polymer –modified concrete (PMC) including Styrene-Butadiene rubber (SBR), with different weight ratios of polymer to cement: 4%, 8% and 12%. Steel fibers were also included. Sixteen (500mm) diameter, (50mm) thick discs for high-velocity impact tests were used. In addition compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural strength (modulus of rupture) were companionly recorded. In all the tests, concrete was with and without crimped steel fibers of ratio 1% by volume.In investigating high-velocity impact strength, the decrease in projectile penetration depth was (5-17%) and the scabbing area reduced (15-35%) over reference concrete.In studying PMC including 1% by volume steel fibers, an additional increase was observed in all properties. The increases were quite significant in high-velocity impact strengths. Further reduction was recorded in scabbing area of (64-95%) and penetration depth reduced (28-39%) over control specimens. The fragmentations were reduced also. The range of corresponding compressive was (48-64)MPa ,of splitting tensile strength (4.2-7.8) MPa, and of flexural strength (5-8) MP
The problem of discarded tires has received a lot of attention from many authors. Incorporation of rubber aggregate recycled from waste tires is one of the solutions to this issue. This research is based on evaluating fresh and hardened properties such as slump flow, T500, segregation resistance, and L-box tests, compressive strength, impact resistance, and flexural toughness. Rubber aggregate replacements in the self-compact concrete mixes was 10% by volume of fine aggregate. Additionally, both PET and steel fibers are utilized at a volume rate of 0.25%.The outcomes indicate that introducing rubber declines rheological and hardened properties, whereas incorporating hybrid fibers enhances hardened properties such as compressive strength, impact energy, and flexural toughness. The best increase impact energy was obtained at roughly 166.6% when 0.25% hybrid fibers and 10% rubber were used. 74.21 was the greatest increase in flexural toughness when 0.25% hybrid fibers (SCCH3) were used. As for the compressive strength, it was the highest by about 11%.
The accumulation of wastes, especially plastic and car tires, has become a major problem facing society today. Therefore, through this research, these wastes were recycled and used to improve some properties of concrete. Recycled crumb rubber from car tires was used instead of sand as a partial replacement of 10%. The substitution was done by two methods: random and equivalent size substitution. As well, 1%polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fiber was added by the volume of concrete to improve some properties of rubberized concrete. Compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity test (UPV) were conducted in this study to investigate the efficiency of PET rubberized concrete, as well the impact resistance test was also conducted to investigated the ability of PET rubberized concrete in term of energy absorption. Slabs of size (50cm×50cm×5cm) were utilized for low velocity impact test. The results indicated there were a reduction in compressive strength and UPV results were observed in PET fiber rubberized concrete the reduction were (37.47% and 5.4%) respectively as compared with PETC mixture and the result of dynamic modulus of elasticity show the same pattern of UPV result , in contrast there was an improvement in the impact resistance when PET fiber and crumb rubber were used it increased by(117.63% and 52.9% ) for random and equivalent replacement respectively as compared with PETC.
The use of textile reinforcement made from non-corrosive materials, such as carbon and glass can reduce the required concrete material; this is known as Textile Reinforced Concrete (TRC). This study deals with plate specimens having dimension of 500×500×40mm tested under impact load at 28 and 90 days age under two conditions of ends, simply supported and fixed. Cement mortar with about 60 MPa, 7cm cube compressive strength at 28 days was designed for casting the plates. Plate specimens were divided into four groups, they consist of reference plates (no reinforcement) and plates reinforced with 3D glass fabric having three different thicknesses 6, 10 and 15mm. The results indicate that using 3D textile glass fabric cause an increase in number of blows, reduce in final stage deflection, an improvement in toughness and energy absorption under impact loads. Using 3D textile glass fiber with 10mm thickness gave higher number of blows for 28 and 90 days as compared with 6 and 15 mm. Plates with slice 6mm 3D textile glass fiber in two way reinforced has significantly enhancement in number of blows, the improvement was about (80 - 125%) and (128.5- 114. 3%) for 28 and 90 days respectively. The specimens showed increase in the energy absorption, besides the number and width of cracks was reduced and only few cracks are propagated up to the edge of the plates.
SIFCON is a relatively new material and consists of slurry (cement or cement and sand), water, super plasticizers (water reducers) and fibers. In all previous research, steel fibers and other types of fibers were used, but in this study, waste plastic fibers Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) created by cutting carbonated beverage bottles were used for the first time in the production of SIFCON. Three volume ratios (3%, 6% and 10%) of the total volume of the concrete mixture were used to add fibers in different volume ratios, and a reference concrete mixture was created for comparison. Tests of compressive strength, impact resistance, ultrasound transmission velocity check and other tests were performed on the constructed models. Compared with the reference concrete, according to the analysis of the results. The results showed an improvement in the compressive strength it increased by (18.5%), an increase in the impact resistance by (416.67%), and a decrease in the velocity of ultrasound by (19.42%).
ABSTRACT: In this paper, artificial neural networks (ANNs) are used in attempt to obtain the strength of polymer-modified concrete (PMC). A database of 36 case records is used to develop and verify the ANN models. Four parameters are considered to have the most significant impact on the magnitude of (PMC) strength and are thus used as the model inputs. These include the Polymer/cement ratio, sand/cement ratio, gravel/cement ratio, and water/ cement ratio. The model output is the strength of (PMC). Multi-layer perceptron trained using the back-propagation algorithm is used. In this work, the feasibility of ANN technique for modeling the concrete strength is investigated. A number of issues in relation to ANN construction such as the effect of ANN geometry and internal parameters on the performance of ANN models are investigated. Design charts for prediction of polymer modified concrete strength are generated based on ANN model. It was found that ANNs have the ability to predict the strength of polymer modified concrete, with a very good degree of accuracy. The ANN models developed to study the impact of the internal network parameters on model performance indicate that ANN performance is reality insensitive to the number of hidden layer nodes, momentum terms or transfer functions. On the other hand, the impact of the learning rate on model predictions is more pronounced.keywords:; Artificial Neural networks; Strength; Polymer Modified Concrete; Modeling.
This study introduce a review on structural behavior of different structural elements such as beams, slabs, column….etc, under different type of loading. Through this review one can see the effectiveness of using ferrocement in casing slabs, beams subjecting to bending or impact load. Also the ferrocement make an essential role in strengthening of damage columns and beams.
Abstract. In this research, Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) will be used in an attempt to predict collapse potential of gypseous soils. Two models are built one for collapse potential obtained by single oedemeter test and the other is for collapse potential obtained by double oedemeter test. A database of laboratory measurements for collapse potential is used. Six parameters are considered to have the most significant impact on the magnitude of collapse potential and are being used as an input to the models. These include the Gypsum content, Initial void ratio, Total unit weight, Initial water content, Dry unit weight, Soaking pressure. The output model will be the corresponding collapse potential. Multi-layer perceptron trainings using back propagation algorithm are used in this work. A number of issues in relation to ANN construction such as the effect of ANN geometry and internal parameters on the performance of ANN models are investigated. Information on the relative importance of the factors affecting the collapse potential are presented and practical equations for prediction of collapse potential from single oedemeter test and double oedemeter test in gypseous soils are developed. It was found that ANNs have the ability to predict the collapse potential from single oedemeter test and double oedemeter test in gypseous soil samples with a good degree of accuracy. The ANN models developed to study the impact of the internal network parameters on model performance indicate that ANN performance is sensitive to the number of hidden layer nodes, momentum terms, learning rate, and transfer functions. The sensitivity analysis indicated that for the models the results indicate that the initial void ratio and gypsum content have the most significant affect on the predicted the collapse potential.Keywords. Artificial Neural Networks, collapse potential, gypseous soils
Iran has recently started a well-planned project, called Tropical Water Project (TWP), to build more dams, tunnels, and canals on the main tributaries of the Diyala River (Sirwan and Zmkan) to irrigate agricultural areas inside and outside the Diyala River basin. One task in the TWP project is diverting a large volume of the water flowing through the Sirwan and Zmkan rivers through a series of tunnels. The largest one, called Nowsud water conveyance tunnel, transports water from Hirwa dam to Azgala dam to irrigate millions of hectares of new agricultural areas extending from Kermanshah province in the AL Ahwaz province. This research aims to identify the different features and the size of this project as well as the extent of its impact on the Diyala River and Darbandikhan dam. From the results, it was found that the TWP project consists of 14 dams constructed on Sirwan and Zmkan rivers and their tributaries with a total storage capacity of 1.9 Milliard cubic meters and of about 150 km long tunnels to divert more than one Milliard m3 of water to another basin. In addition, it has been found that after the full operation of the TWP project, the catchment area of Darbandikhan dam will lose 77% of its original one.
Transport is a vital part of urban life and a foundation for society's growth. It is a wonderful indication of the growth and development of cities. It protects the free flow of people, commodities and the economy. . Despite the great advancement in technology, it still has many difficulties in developed and developing nations, particularly in our country, such as environmental issues, where congestion leads to traffic pollution, noise and a rise in cars which is a problem in itself.. So transportation is an issue. And it became a subject of attention, requiring consideration of sustainability in the planning and development of transportation systems. Ramadi has been chosen as a model in this study because of its significant impact on sustainable development and the approach that thins our study. Using the data from the study area, which included 27 neighbourhoods, were analyzed by the SPSS statistical program , the results showed that the indicators of the environmental dimension had a direct and strong relationship. For Ramadi and other Iraqi cities, a sustainable development system may be developed based on based on the two indicators of pollution and green areas (0.794 and 0.776), on which a choice can be made about sustainable urban environmental transport.
The goal of this study is to determine the impact of ground motion recordings (GMs) selection on the seismic performance evaluation of reinforced concrete (RC) structures. From three GMs in ASCE7-10 to eleven GMs in ASCE7-16, the ASCE7 has upgraded the minimum GMs utilized in seismic analysis, When the GMs are used to evaluate an existing structure, the earthquake load may under or overestimate the structure's capacity. The case study is an existing RC building, dual system, and unsymmetric in-plane and height. Because of these asymmetries, the Non-linear Time History Analysis (NTHA) is the most accurate method. It is performed for 30 GMs in directions X and Y. The GMs were chosen and scaled to meet the Basrah city response spectrum curve (RSC), which is based on the existing Iraqi seismic code. The study parameters that were investigated are included story implication ratio, torsional irregularity index, floor rotation angle, and plastic hinge formation. These parameters are investigated in three cases. The selection of GMs for Case 1 and 2 are based on the ASCE7-10 while Case 3 is based on ASCE7-16. The comparison between cases is shown a considerable difference in structural response could lead to various retrofitting decisions. The findings revealed that existing RC buildings constructed in accordance with ASCE7-10, particularly medium and high-rise structures, should be re-evaluated
Abstract: This work investigates some properties of chopped worn-out tires concrete (Ch.W.T.conc.). It is a type of concrete characterized by the incorporating of Ch.W.T into the mixes as a partial replacement of volume of aggregate (sand and gravel of equal proportion). Three mixes of Ch.W.T conc. In addition to the reference mixes were selected, using Partial Replacement Ratio (PRR)of 30%, 40%, and 50%.The tests which were used in this study were: compressive strength, modulus of elasticity (static and dynamic), and impact resistance (low and high velocity). It was found that incorporating Ch.W.T in concrete effect on the properties of concrete, for example the percentage decreases in compressive strength were 41%, 46.7%, and 52.4% for concrete with 30, 40, and 50% Ch.W.T. PRR by volume of aggregate (50% sand, 50% gravel) respectively. However, it gave good indicator to be utilized as a new construction material in many applications.
This study was conducted to examine the impact of plastic fibers (WPFs) in an effort to improve some of the features of self-compacting concrete (SCC) using Iraqi raw materials. Waste polyethylene terephthalate fibers (waste PET fibers) from used beverage bottles were added. Some tests were carried out to determine the effects of adding WPFs on the fresh properties of new concrete, while additional tests examined the mechanical properties of hardened concrete. Because of this, self-compacting concrete blends were created with a constant water-to-binder ratio of 0.32 and a binder content of 525 kg/m3. The designated plastic fiber percentages contents were 0%, 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1% of mix volume. Self-compacting concrete mixtures' fresh characteristics were assessed for slump flow diameter, T50 slump flow concurrently, V-funnel flow concurrently, and L-box height ratio. The 28-day density, compressive strengths and flexural strength of self-compacting concretes were also measured. The use of plastic waste fibers had a slight effect on reducing the density of the produced concrete and a negative effect on the fresh properties. The compressive strengths were improved by using WPFs, with the maximum improvement equal to (11.065%) when compared to those made from the reference mix
Our cities is desert cities because of desert climate factors in them , this research deals with role of spatial factors in the dust storms of desert cities . Two factors effected in spatial : Difference of elevation and distance from the center city . We found multi relationships between spatial factors and dust storms in Ramadi city , Which these relationship very important in city design and planning such as in objective , urban and rural environment , environmental planning
The performance of the structural materials (concrete and steel reinforcement) and the behavior of the structural members after they were exposed to high temperatures have been considered the main topics of the current literature review. All varieties of concrete mixtures lost their compressive strength after 300˚C, even though there was no discernible strength loss between 150 and 300˚C. It was also discovered that the heating time had no appreciable impact on the strength loss when the exposed to heat less than 300 ˚C. Above 300 ˚C. Concrete begins to lose strength after being exposed for longer than one hour; the greatest loss of strength occurs during the first and second hours of exposure. Both the cured cement paste and the aggregates undergo chemical and physical changes at temperatures ranging from 600 °C to 900 °C. The 5% weighted rice husk ash (RHA) blended concrete still had an advantage in compressive strength, over the concrete when subjected to temperatures up to 700 C for two hours. Adding more recycled glass and ceramic particles to regular concrete increases its overall compressive and tensile strengths. Concrete becomes more durable and has fewer cracks when there is a higher replacement rate for ceramic and glass particles. The splitting tensile strength decreased with increasing temperature, changing from 60% to 70% of its initial strength after 600 °C. In this review, the better performance of concrete than the other concrete in terms of mechanical, physical, and durability properties at both room temperature and high temperature were concrete with 10% waste glass powder (WGP) substitution as a partial of cement and 10%–20% crushed glass (CG) substitution as a partial of aggregate .
If the employer believes that changing the shape, quality, or quantity of the work or some part of it is appropriate, he has the authority to order the contractor to do so. These instructions would extend the time it takes to accomplish the task and, as a result, the project's completion time. In the majority of situations, the employer and the contractor couldn't agree on how to compute the extra time the contractor was provided as a result of change orders. The aim of this research is to find a mechanism to determine the additional time required to carry out these works, which will vary based on the type of work, the increase in quantity for any work within the contract, etc.. Modify the nature, quality or type of any work, change the levels, lines, position and dimensions of any part of the work, and perform any additional work necessary to finish the works. A field visit and survey will be conducted on the various bridge projects as part of the research to determine the types of change orders and the additional time required for each of them, in addition to the most important reasons for not using the relative change length and how each project differs from the other. Mathematical software can be enhanced to reliably calculate the additional time for each form of change order. Most of the works expected to appear in variation order are steel and concrete works, and asphalt cladding works, with a frequency of each of them (25 percent), followed by excavation works, which have a frequency of (16.66 percent) in bridge projects.
Adding fibers to the shotcrete concrete mixes is very important to increase the load carrying capacity, toughness, and reducing crack propagations by bridging the cracks. On the other hand, this fiber has an effect on the fresh and hardened properties of shotcrete. In this study, fresh properties evaluated by using slump flow, , and segregation resistance tests. Hardened properties included testing of air voids, dry density, water absorption, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), compressive strength, and flexural strength. This works including two types of fibers in three forms (waste plastic (PET)fibers only, polypropylene fibers (PP) only, and hybrid fiber (PET and PP)), each form added by three percentages (0.35%, 0.7%, and 1%) by volume.The results showed that the addition of 1% of all types of fiber has a negative impact on fresh properties. Especially in shotcrete containing waste plastic fiber. Also, all specimens containing fibers showed a decrease in the ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) and an increase in air voids and water absorption compared to the reference specimens. Also, the results clarify that the addition of waste plastic fiber to shotcrete led to a slight decrease in dry density. The highest increasing in compressive strength of shotcrete recorded by about 8.2% with using 0.35% PP fiber and highest decreasing was 20.9% with using 1% waste plastic fiber. the highest increasing in flexural strength was 62 with using 1% PP fibers.
Microbial-induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) is a fast-evolving technology for cementing sandy soils, improving ground, repairing concrete cracks, and remediating contaminated land. The current work thoroughly reviews various factors that can impact the effect of the MICP technology on geomaterials. These factors include the type and strain of the microbes, concentration of bacterial solution, cementation solution composition and concentration, environmental factors (temperature, pH level, and oxygen dissolved), and soil properties. It was found that the type and strain of bacteria, concentration of bacterial suspension, pH value, temperature, and the reaction solution properties are the most affecting factors in controlling the characteristics of the produced calcium carbonate, which in turn affects the degree of bonding between geomaterials particles. For an optimal implementation of the MICP in soils treatment, it appeared that for the most commonly used bacterial strains a temperature between 20 and 40 °C, a pH between 6.5 and 9.5, and a cementation solution concentration of 0.5 mol/L, are typically recommended.
Local scour is a primary reason for bridge collapse, presenting a complex challenge due to the numerous factors influencing its occurrence. The complexity of local scour increases with clay-sand beds, particularly in predicting scour depth, as empirical equations are inadequate for such calculations. This study aims to predict local scour around cylindrical bridge piers in clay-sand beds using an artificial neural network (ANN) model. The ANN model was developed using 264 observations from various laboratory experiments. Eight variables were included in the ANN model: clay fraction, pier diameter, flow depth, flow velocity, critical sediment velocity, sediment particle size, bed shear strength, and pier Reynolds number. Sensitivity and statistical analyses were conducted to evaluate the impact of each variable and the accuracy of the ANN model in predicting local scour depth in clay-sand beds. The findings indicate that the ANN model predicted local scour with high accuracy, achieving a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 14.6%. All dimensional variables significantly influenced the prediction of local scour depth, particularly clay fraction and bed shear strength, which were identified as the most crucial parameters. Finally, the MAPE values for local scour depth calculated using empirical equations were significantly higher than those for the ANN model, leading to an overestimation of local scour depth by the empirical equations.
Wind and water levels influence wave overtopping and consequent coastal flood threat, which is especially important in hyper-tidal bays where even modest variations in wave heights may be devastating if they coincide with high tides. The influence of wind and wave characteristics on wave propagation, as well as the sensitivity of significant wave height, are numerically investigated along the Gaza Strip's beachfront as an example. Wind waves with a high amplitude and short duration are susceptible to opposing winds, and their steepening effect varies throughout the bay shoreline, underlining the impact of shoreline geometry and bathymetry on wave hazard. The findings contribute to our existing knowledge of the complex interplay between wind and waves, as well as the crucial variables that maximize danger and hazard variability along the coastline. The findings of this study can assist port and harbor managers prevent financial losses due to downtime, influence sustainable coastal sea defense design, and better understand how wave danger may change in the future owing to shifting storm tracks. The findings can also be used to improve coastal infrastructure design and disaster response planning. Two scenarios were investigated with a wind direction of 330 and 30. It seems that when the wind direction is 330, it produces a higher Hs of 1.2 m and relatively larger wave return period with a range of 12-22 s and a higher wave energy dissipation of 220 N/Ms. In contrast, when the wind direction is 30, it produces a smaller HS of 1m with a short wave return period of 15-17s and smaller wave energy dissipation of 120 N/Ms. Overall, a wind direction of 30 has fewer occurring chances over the year but it seems to produce a destructive wave that are spread over the whole coast with a rapid return period.
Abstract:This study explores the potential of back propagation neural networks (BPNN) computingparadigm to predict the ultimate bearing capacity of shallow foundations on cohesionlesssoils. The data from 97 load tests on footings (with sizes corresponding to those of realfootings and smaller sized model footings) were used to train and validate the model. Fiveparameters are considered to have the most significant impact on the magnitude ofultimate bearing capacity of shallow foundations on cohesionless soil and are thus used asthe model inputs. These include the width of the footing, depth of embedment, length towidth ratio, dry or submerge unit weight and angle of internal friction of the soil. Themodel output is the ultimate bearing capacity. Performance of the model wascomprehensively evaluated. The values of the performance evaluation measures such ascoefficient of correlation, root mean square error, mean absolute error reveal that themodel can be effectively used for the bearing capacity prediction. BPNN model iscompared with the values predicted by most commonly used bearing capacity theories.The results indicate that the model perform better than the theoretical methods.KEYWORDS: Ultimate bearing capacity; Shallow foundations; cohesionless soil; backpropagation neural network (BPNN); prediction
The Impact of silica fume existence and its content with the duration of curing on concrete compressive strength (ordinary and high) has investigated experimentally. Two mixture sets were done in this work to examine the concrete ordinary and high strength. Every set involved four mixtures with varied silica fume proportions as a substitution of cement with (0, 5, 10 and 15 percent). Ninety-six cubes of concrete were prepared and cured by immersion in water to the required age (7, 28, 90 and 150 days). In ordinary concrete and high strength concrete, the results demonstrate that when silica fume used as a substitution with 15 %, the compressive strength of concrete gave the highest value. As compared with concrete having nil content of silica fume, the earned strength for high compressive concrete consisting of silica fume was relatively less than the corresponding ordinary concrete strength. However, continuously curing with water after 28 days produced a considerable increase in the compressive strength of concrete; such an increase in compressive strength was greater in the existence of silica fume
To preserve the natural materials, applying the principles of sustainable engineering, to approach the principle of zero waste and to contribute the solution of the negative environmental impact of two decades, which is caused by excessive use of bottles of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) in packaging, has led to the approach of alternative, clean and innovative technologies aimed at recycling and reuse to address this environmental problem. Proposed re-use empty bottles as a way to get rid of them and benefit from them at the same time the way, this method through which the empty bottles cutting into fibres using these fibres made of PET to improve the properties of concrete. Percentage of fiber that has been used are 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5%. Suitable tests were performed to measure properties of concrete reinforcement by recycle PET fibre such as compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, four-point bending strength, modulus of elasticity and toughness index. Flexural toughness tests were performed to measure the ductility capacities of reinforced concrete members with recycled PET fibre reinforced concrete. The results obtained indicate Toughness index was enhanced by using PET fibre reinforced concrete specimens, compared to no ductility performance of concrete specimens without fibre reinforcement. A significant change in ductility was when observed PET used fibre with 3%.
The Gaza Strip in general, and the Islamic University of Gaza (IUG) in particular, are plagued by a lack of parking places, a lack of management and efficient usage of parking spaces, and illegal vehicle parking. This resulted in lost time and effort, besides traffic congestion. The study's goal is to provide a plan for implementing a Smart Parking System, which manages the parking spots on the IUG campus. To accomplish this goal, the researchers have identified the parking problems that face drivers at IUG, and then they have studied the impact of implementing the Smart Parking System. Researchers have used questionnaires to collect the raw data as one of the important tools in the field of survey. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), as a useful tool for statistical analysis. The first results was the number of parking spaces is 300, which is greater than the number of potential vehicles occupying the university parking spaces at peak hours. Therefore, the issue is not the number of parking places, but how they are used. The result of the questionnaire presents that a large majority of respondents agreed that the IUG campus suffers from a lack of parking spaces, especially in rush hour from 8-10 am. The results indicate that 65.7% of the respondents park their cars near their workplace/study at the campus parking spaces, and 72.6% of the respondents do not use parking spaces with modern technology before. While 92.6% of the respondents encourage parking with modern technologies. Smart Parking System has assisted to resolve the issue of locating a parking spot on the IUG campus, resulting in less traffic congestion and a better flow of traffic. The Smart Parking System can be applied to all of the IUG's parking spaces and in the Gaza strip cities in the future
This main aim of this study is evaluate wide range of fresh and hardened properties of sustainable self-compacting concrete containing various types of Cement Replacement Materials with optimum contents of Polyethylene Terephthalate PET waste plastic as fibers and fine aggregate replacement. This is to evaluate effect of the two forms of PET and to determine the best CRMs could be used with sustainable SCC. such as limestone, glass powder and fly ash with high replacement rate of 70% by weight of cement were used while fourth one (kaolin) was used with replacement rate of 20%. PET fibers were added to SCC with an aspect ratio of 24.4 and 0.7% volume fraction whereas fine aggregate partially replaced by 4% of waste plastic. Four reference mixtures contained FA, LP, GP and KA only, same four mixtures contained 0.7% PET fibers by volume, and the other same four mixtures contained 4% PET fine aggregate by volume. The obtained results all tested fresh properties, which include slump flow, T500, L-Box and segregation resistance were within the limits of the specification reported in EFNERC guidelines. Further, the forms PET have an adverse effect fresh properties of SCC. As for hardened properties (compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength and impact strength). Further, this produced type of SCC showed an range of compressive strength (15.2-31.64 MPa) at 28 days. It can be from the current study the best CRMs to be used in SCC containing PET wastes was FA in terms of most tested properties.