The phenomenon of random housing in Ramadi city is one of the important planning challenges facing the city, especially after rapid growth rates of urban and population grow thing in the city, hence the importance of research is to prove that sustainable transport planning has a prominent role in addressing this problem and producing many social economic and environmental problems. This study aims to determine the role and importance of transport and sustainability planning criteria for the proposed strategies to address the informal housing spread in the city neighborhoods and sectors within and outside the boundaries of the master plan of the city.The use of Analytic hierarchy process (AHP), which combines descriptive and quantitative analysis, will depend on the available data for city at the present time ; as well as, on the expertise of specialists and persons concerned in the subject through a questionnaire to reach the most important factors that affecting random housing from the point of sustainable transport on one hand and in addition to prioritizing treatment according to the proposed strategies presented to planners and local authorities in the city.The research encountered a number of difficulties and obstacles, the most important of which is the scarcity of data and information available in the subject, which led to personally analyze data and resort to the use of geographic information systems (GIS) for the purposes of quantitative and geometrical analysis. The main results for the basic criteria affecting the role of sustainable transport on Ramadi city by gradation from top to lowest ,( i.e. environmental criterion, followed by economic, social, and finally schematic). As for secondary standards, the highest value was the share of the standard of treatment of residential destroyed areas, within the environmental criterion, and the lowest value is the calibration of road efficiency within the planning criterion.
Several different deterministic and probabilistic mathematical approaches have been used to develop modal split models. The data collected by a questionnaire survey approach is frequently associated with subjectivity, imprecision, and ambiguity. additionally, several linguistic terms are used to express some of the transportation planning variables. This can be solved by modeling mode choosing behavior with artificial intelligence techniques such as fuzzy logic. In this research, Ramadi city in Iraq has been selected as a study area. For the purpose of obtaining data, the study area was divided into traffic analysis zones (TAZ). The total number of traffic zones was set as 28 traffic zones, 22 were internal traffic zones and 6 external traffic zones. Field surveys and questionnaires are used to collect data on traffic, land use, and socioeconomic characteristics factors (age, gender, vehicle ownership, family income, trip purpose, trip origin and destination, trip time, waiting duration, duration inside mode, trip origin and destination, trip cost, and type of mode used for transport). The results showed that the modal split models based on the fuzzy inference system can deal with linguistic variables as well as address uncertainty and subjectivity and they gave very good prediction accuracy for future prediction. Fuzzy inference system proved that all factors affected the mode choice with a very strong correlation coefficient (R) equal to 93.1 for general trips but when the results were compared with multiple linear regression model found that the correlation coefficient (R) equal to 28.9 for general trips and the most influential factors on the mode choice are car ownership, age and trip cost. Thus, it can be concluded that fuzzy logic models were more capable of capturing and integrating human knowledge in mode selection behavior. In addition, this study will help decision-makers to plan transportation policies for Ramadi city
ABSTRACT:The resistance of concrete to sulfate attack is considered as one of the important factors for concrete durability.The effect of SBR polymer on sulfate resistance of concrete is investigated. Both internal and external sulfate attack are considered.Internal sulfate attack was made by adding gypsum to raise the sulfate content of sand to that of Ramadi city soil (2.17%), while the external sulfate attack was made by adding chemical materials (MgSO4.7H2O, Na2SO4, CaCl2.2H2O, NaCl) to tap water to convert it into water similar to groundwater of Ramadi city.The laboratory tests were compressive and flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, slump, ultra-sound velocity and total percentage of sulfate after exposing to attack for different ages. It was found that the compressive strength of reinforced normal concrete (RNC) for ages (7,28,90,180) days respectively were (20,28,11.166,7) MPa, the compressive strength of polymer Portland cement concrete( PPCC) with polymer/cement ratio( P/C)=5% (PPCC5) were (21.83,32.666,12.766,8.733) MPa and for PPCC with (P/C)=10% were (24.166,35.866,15.533,11.366)MPa.While the flexural strength of RNC for different ages (7,28,90,180) respectively were (3.953,3.7,1.68,11.305) MPa, the flexural strength of PPCC5 were (4.05,5.025,2.13,1.605) MPa and for PPCC10 were (4.43,6.375,2.43,1.92) MPa.The static modulus of elasticity at age (28) days for (RNC) was (37.4) GPa , for PPCC5 was (9.7) GPa and for PPCC10 was (13.63) GPa.Slump for (RNC) was (155) mm, for PPCC5 was (142) mm and for PPCC10 was (75) mm.T he ultra-sound velocity of RNC for ages (7,28,90,180) respectively were (4.2,4.445,4.203,4.53) Km/sec , for PPCC5 were (4.36,4.646,4.53,4.176) Km/sec and for PPCC10 were (4.437,4.837,4.656,4.52) Km/sec.It was found that (PPCC10) has higher resistance to sulfate attack than (PPCC5) and (NRC). The thesis refers to necessity of polymer to improve the resistance of concrete to sulfate attack although if the sulfate percentage raise to more than (0.5) % which represents the maximum limit of sulfate percentage in I.O.S No. 45-1970.
Traffic movement is considered a compound phenomenon that is impacted by behavioural, economic, and physical aspects. It is performed within the context of an urban system that consists of road networks and crossings, where the movement crouches to depend. The measuring of identifying their size and densities and current problems helps to Improve and development for roads and streets network existing and important is intersections for purposes the accessibility, potentiality of future intersections, and network development towards constructing a composition to raise the quality and the efficient performance of roads and streets. The study was dependent on a traffic survey for intersections, areas of urban intersections, and the road network of Al-Ramadi city, as well as the number of vehicles that generated a large volume of traffic flow. The use of the program (HCS 2010) to detect appropriate for purposes decreasing traffic congestion and delayed trip time in the areas based on existing and future districts that generate different types and purposes of journeys to lessen the delay trip time to lessen traffic congestion. Therefore, research looks at both sides: first, a study of the existing intersections of the main road network and urban streets, including an examination of the components and shapes of these intersections in the study area; second, an examination of the importance placed on these intersections by the planning and design process.
Asphalt pavement temperatures were estimated at surface and depth of 50 mm. Differences between estimated maximum surface temperatures and maximum air temperatures were found to be remarkably high, whereas the minimum surface temperatures were slightly different from minimum air temperatures. Different studies showed that the maximum pavement temperatures at depth (50 mm) were less than that of the maximum surface temperatures, whereas, minimum pavement temperature at the same depth showed slightly higher readings than that of the minimum surface temperatures.Algorithms that discussed in this research work found to produce remarkably different estimations of depth temperatures. The undergoing research work aims to cast light on the performance of these models in terms of data regarding Anbar province of Iraq.
One of the most significant aspects of developing any region is establishing a viable road network and determining the relationship between landscape use and road networks. Adequate connectivity and direction are essential for the proper construction of any network. However, the Al-Ramadi road network has received far less attention and appraisal. As a result, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the current road network link in Al-Ramadi city. In addition, the GIS application was used in this study to show the city's primary features. The Alpha index, Beta index, Gamma index, and Eta index were utilized to evaluate the road network in this research. The primary goal of this research is to evaluate how successful the road network is in containing current road traffic and to make recommendations for the future traffic management efficiency to accommodate increase. The findings show that immediate upgrades, such as the construction of new roadways, are essential.
Our cities is desert cities because of desert climate factors in them , this research deals with role of spatial factors in the dust storms of desert cities . Two factors effected in spatial : Difference of elevation and distance from the center city . We found multi relationships between spatial factors and dust storms in Ramadi city , Which these relationship very important in city design and planning such as in objective , urban and rural environment , environmental planning
Ramadi city is one of the cities that become need to Transportation planning studies , so its, last time have increase in population changed in social and economic state and have increasing in number of moving vehicles و which causes jamming in transportation network. For the purpose of study, the city was divided into 18 zones and data was collected through this zone. Data was related to socioeconomic characteristics of the population and field surveys were done for the base year (2000). The study has achieved building trip production model in Ramadi city, through find relationship between socioeconomic characteristics (car ownership, family income, employee no. , family no. , population, family size, time and cost trip, distance to the center and area of the dwelling). It was found that the number of families is the most influential variable to trip production model.
Ramadi city is one of the cities that become need to Transportation planning studies , so its, last time have increase in population changed in social and economic state and have increasing in number of moving vehicles و which causes jamming in transportation network. For the purpose of study, the city was divided into 18 zones and data was collected through this zone. Data was related to socioeconomic characteristics of the population and field surveys were done for the base year (2000). The study has achieved building trip production model in Ramadi city, through find relationship between socioeconomic characteristics (car ownership, family income, employee no. , family no. , population, family size, time and cost trip, distance to the center and area of the dwelling). It was found that the number of families is the most influential variable to trip production model.
One of the most important aspects of the developing any area is creating a viable road network and defining the relationship between landscape use and road networks. Proper communication and direction are essential to the proper construction of any network. In addition to providing chances for production and consumption, resource extraction, and social cohabitation, the road network also functions as a hub for these activities. As a consequence, this contributes to the development of cities and the improvement of the level of living. However, Ramadi's road network has not received much attention and evaluation. To identify Ramadi road network transportation indicators, the researchers used geospatial information systems. Connectivity was assessed using the alpha, beta, gamma, and eta indices to describe and analyse the network. The data was collected in the first quarter of 2024. The Alpha, the beta, the gamma, and the eta indexes show weak Al-Ramadi road network connections. Indexes are 0.197, 1.26, 0.43, and 0.82. The research indicates a loss in network connectivity in the study region, necessitating the prioritization of new the roads and a city plan to mitigate network shortages.
The first step toward urban transportation planning is to make a data base then to initiate the first mathematical model known as trip generation model which this study adopts. The study area in the waste sector of Ramadi city (Al-Tameem, 5 km) is considered as one sector consists of eight zones containing about 11640 dwelling units. Home interview survey was made of random sample which represent 5% of the study area population. The collected information was concerned with structure, vehicles, families and each person living in the dwelling unit. The total person’s trips per dwelling unit and various purposes were investigated. All data was programmed for analysis by spss program, which took place firstly by multiple linear regression to obtain the primarily models. After series of analysis and trials, the most significant independent variables were identified as family size and car ownership. Also, the final equations for producing trips were obtained. They were reasonable, more practical and carrying the best statistical measures. Set of curves were developed to put the sub models in any easy and more desirable manner for wide application and forecasting.
To classification groundwater quality in the study area, three wells were drilled at a depth of 10m and selected two locations across Al Warrar Canal to represent their water quality. Water samples were collected from these wells and the Warrar Canal to examine water quality. Then results were compared against the World Health Organization (WHO) limits to study the Index of Water Quality (WQI). WQI was calculated according to the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME), and the quality of water was evaluated for domestic and irrigation uses. The samples were tested for electrical conductivity, pH, temperature, total dissolved solids, chloride, total hardness, nitrate, and alkalinity according to the standard methods. The results of laboratory analysis showed significant differences among the wells and Warrar Canal water quality in the measured parameters according to WHO limits. Due to many human activities like urbanization, agrarian overflow, drainage of untreated sewage, and industrialization, high values of trace elements and heavy metals were recorded in wells three. For agriculture purposes, the results show that the water in the three wells is very high salinity, where the Warrar Canal is high salinity, and Canal water causes saline and alkali damages. It was recommended that the WQI in three wells was poor water quality whereas, marginal water quality was pointed in AL Warrar Canal.
Ramadi city is one of the cities, which needs to a comprehensive transportation studies because of the change in the economic and social state of the population. This change cause an increasing in the number of population and the proportion of owns the vehicle, thus increasing the number of trips, thereby making them suffer jamming in the transportation network at peak hours. For purposes of this study, the city were divided into 18 zones in which data has been collected for special statement makers trips (the rate of income, vehicle ownership,...... etc.), the purpose of the trip, and the characteristics of transportation modes (the time of trip, the cost of the trip ,.... ... etc). A model was building for the purpose of the trip (shopping trip, working trip, and education trip) to predict the percent of contribution of each type of transportation modes for trips attraction to the city, by finding of the relationship between them and the characteristics of trip ,trip-makers and transportation modes. a strong linear equations where found after analysis by multi-linear regression and these equations can be used in the future forecasting for the city.
Since evapotranspiration typically makes up the largest portion of the terrestrial water cycle, it is one of the most crucial factors in determining how much water is available. This study evaluated four models (Penman-FAO-24(PF), Penman-Monteith -FAO-56(PM), Penman-Kimberly(PK), and Jensen-Haise (JH)) utilized frequently to calculate monthly reference crop evapotranspiration (ET_0) values for Ramadi irrigation project (fourth stage). The statistical indicators considered were the root mean square error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Relative Error (RE), Correlation Coefficient (R^2) and mean bias error (MBE), models were used to estimate evapotranspiration, and by calculating evapotranspiration for Al-Ramadi city according to the climate data available to us, The (PF) model had the lowest MBE = 0.02945, greatest RMSE = 29.369, and highest R = 0.9641 values among the four models, demonstrating that it is the best. The JH model, which achieved the highest values of MBE = 0.00978 and RSME = 58.509, was the least accurate of the models.. The study's conclusions may be useful to farmers, decision-makers, and local water organizations in assessing irrigation water requirements, planning, and effective use of water resources.
With the progress of sciences and knowledges, the development in the field of earth observation and measurements necessary ones, which helped in overcoming the problem of the time and cost required by field surveys in the division of agricultural land. In this study were recruited technical remote sensing, geographic information systems and field surveys for the purpose of assessing the accuracy of the division of agricultural land for agricultural area located in the eastern part of the Ramadi city as they were deducted from Google Earth. Comparison with the other conventional methods, the use of remote sensing and GIS gives adequate accuracy in the area of the division of agricultural land
This study was involved with the diffferent types of cracks and reptures that may occur in structures, also a practical case for a school building in Al – Ramadi city is presented in this work. Necessary and instantenuos ways for treatments were suggested in this study.It was obvious that this building needs to support footing .In addition, supporting the columns and concrete beams was included in the present work
An essential part of managing construction projects is productivity estimation. The accuracy of the construction productivity estimate determines the management quality. This research established a multi-variable linear regression and another mathematical model for the same variables to assess the productivity of building projects using the logistic regression approach. Data from residential, commercial, and educational projects in various regions of Anbar was utilized in the research. Numerous dependent variables were chosen with care. These independent factors, which include age, experience, the quantity of work, level of execution, and security circumstances, may be divided into objective and subjective variables. The person-hour/unit and the cost/unit are two inputs to the system that are used to measure input/output, the parameter known as productivity. The first is used for procedures that need a large amount of labour and is focused only on labour. All impacts are combined in the second cost/unit. The researcher came up with an equation that contains the following factors (Health condition, equipment available, Security, labor, Quality work, morale, the material available, site condition, Experience, Weather, Height, and Age ).
Multilane highways typically are located in suburban communities, leading into central cities, or along high-volume rural corridors connecting two cities or significant activities that generate a substantial number of daily trips. The objectives of the present study include the analysis, and evaluation the level of service (LOS) on section for multilane highway in Ramadi city. The LOS multilane highway is based on density, which is calculated by dividing per lane flow by speed. The required traffic and geometrical data has been collected through field surveys on the section for multilane highway. Traffic volume data were collected manually and classified by vehicles types during each 15 minute interval. Highway Capacity Software 2000 (HCS 2000) program is used for the requirements of traffic analysis process to determine the level of service. It has concluded that the level of service on selected section for east bound is (A), and for west bound is (B).
Transport is a vital part of urban life and a foundation for society's growth. It is a wonderful indication of the growth and development of cities. It protects the free flow of people, commodities and the economy. . Despite the great advancement in technology, it still has many difficulties in developed and developing nations, particularly in our country, such as environmental issues, where congestion leads to traffic pollution, noise and a rise in cars which is a problem in itself.. So transportation is an issue. And it became a subject of attention, requiring consideration of sustainability in the planning and development of transportation systems. Ramadi has been chosen as a model in this study because of its significant impact on sustainable development and the approach that thins our study. Using the data from the study area, which included 27 neighbourhoods, were analyzed by the SPSS statistical program , the results showed that the indicators of the environmental dimension had a direct and strong relationship. For Ramadi and other Iraqi cities, a sustainable development system may be developed based on based on the two indicators of pollution and green areas (0.794 and 0.776), on which a choice can be made about sustainable urban environmental transport.
This study was involved with the diffferent types of cracks and reptures that may occur in structures, also a practical case for a school building in Al – Ramadi city is presented in this work. Necessary and instantenuos ways for treatments were suggested in this study.It was obvious that this building needs to support footing .In addition, supporting the columns and concrete beams was included in the present work
AbstractThe aim of this study is to analyze the slope stability for sections in Al-Furat River where engineering construction build on it, when a sudden decrease in the river water level happens. Two sections were chosen from the river in the area located about 35 km away from Ramadi city called Tel Aswad where undisturbed samples are taken and laboratory tests are done to obtain the soil parameters which are used in Geo-Slope program. The finite element method was applied in this study with elastic-plastic soil model. The analysis results show that the sections slope chosen from the river are stable. The second purpose of this analysis to reduce the risk of using earth structures when engineering construction build on it. Also, it is clear that the values of factor of safety calculated by the FEM are low compared with limit equilibrium methods.