Activated sludge process is considered one of the most common and highly effective methods used in aerobically biological treatment systems. The design of such systems is usually based on the biological kinetic approach considerations. The present study is concerned in determining the biological kinetic of the last part of Diyala River at AL-Rustimiyah WWTP's, Baghdad, Iraq. A completely mixed continuous flow lab-scale reactor without recycling was used for this purpose. Various detention times were adopted during the experimental work ranging from 0.723 to 3.809 days. Influent and effluent BOD5, MLVSS and MLSS for the aeration tank, among other tests were performed at different detention times, after reaching the steady state conditions, in order to generate the required data for bio-kinetic coefficients. The biological kinetics k, Y, Kd, and Ks for the last part of Diyala River at AL-Rustimiyah WWTP's were found to be 5.68 d-1, 0.75, 0.06 d-1, and 70 mg/l, respectively. These values were compared with the bio-kinetics of different types of wastes and were found to be within the typical ranges of bio-kinetic parameters for activated sludge process treating domestic wastewater, which indicates that the water at the river reach of interest is rather wastewater than pure river water.
AbstractThe aim of this study is to analyze the slope stability for sections in Al-Furat River where engineering construction build on it, when a sudden decrease in the river water level happens. Two sections were chosen from the river in the area located about 35 km away from Ramadi city called Tel Aswad where undisturbed samples are taken and laboratory tests are done to obtain the soil parameters which are used in Geo-Slope program. The finite element method was applied in this study with elastic-plastic soil model. The analysis results show that the sections slope chosen from the river are stable. The second purpose of this analysis to reduce the risk of using earth structures when engineering construction build on it. Also, it is clear that the values of factor of safety calculated by the FEM are low compared with limit equilibrium methods.
The present research focuses on the evaluation of the Tigris river water quality within the city of Baghdad. Thirty samples were collected monthly from ten sites (each site contains three positions center of river, Rasafa side, Karkh side) on the Tigris river within Baghdad city along one year (from Feb.2010 to Feb. 2011). Samples were analyzed for eleven water quality variables including physical, chemical, and biological parameters. The results showed increases in pH, TDS, TSS, Cl-1, SO4-2, and BOD values in some of the sites through study area, but all values remain within the allowable Iraqi and WHO limits except of SO4-2, it was exceeded the allowable limits in multiple sites.
Iran has recently started a well-planned project, called Tropical Water Project (TWP), to build more dams, tunnels, and canals on the main tributaries of the Diyala River (Sirwan and Zmkan) to irrigate agricultural areas inside and outside the Diyala River basin. One task in the TWP project is diverting a large volume of the water flowing through the Sirwan and Zmkan rivers through a series of tunnels. The largest one, called Nowsud water conveyance tunnel, transports water from Hirwa dam to Azgala dam to irrigate millions of hectares of new agricultural areas extending from Kermanshah province in the AL Ahwaz province. This research aims to identify the different features and the size of this project as well as the extent of its impact on the Diyala River and Darbandikhan dam. From the results, it was found that the TWP project consists of 14 dams constructed on Sirwan and Zmkan rivers and their tributaries with a total storage capacity of 1.9 Milliard cubic meters and of about 150 km long tunnels to divert more than one Milliard m3 of water to another basin. In addition, it has been found that after the full operation of the TWP project, the catchment area of Darbandikhan dam will lose 77% of its original one.
The current study includes application of QUAL2K model to predict the dissolved oxygen (DO) and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) of lower reach of the Diyala River in a stretch of 16.90km using hydraulic and water quality data collected from Ministry of Water Resources for the period (January-April 2014). Google Earth and Arc-GIS technique were used in this study as supported tools to provide some QUAL2K input hydro-geometric data. The model parameters were calibrated for the dry flow period by trial and error until the simulated results agreed well with the observed data. The model performance was measured using different statistical criteria such as mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE) and relative error (RE). The results showed that the simulated values were in good agreement with the observed values. Model output for calibration showed that DO and CBOD concentration were not within the allowable limits for preserving the ecological health of the river with range values (2.51 - 4.80 mg/L) and (18.75 – 25.10 mg/L) respectively. Moreover, QUAL2K was used to simulate different scenarios (pollution loads modification, flow augmentation and local oxygenation) in order to manage the water quality during critical period (low flow), and to preserve the minimum requirement of DO concentration in the river. The scenarios results showed the pollution loads modification and local oxygenation are effective in raising DO levels. While flow augmentation does not give significant results in which the level of DO decrease even with reduction in the BOD5 for point sources. The combination of wastewater modification and local oxygenation (BOD5 of the discharged effluent from point sources should not exceed 15 mg/L and weir construction at critical positions 6.67km from the beginning of the study region with 1m height) is necessary to ensure minimum DO concentrations.
The water quality index (WQI) is applying for the integrating the water quality variables into a single number to indicate the overall quality of water. Rivers is one of the essential water resources, the protecting and preserving for the quality of this resource is important and imperative. An evaluation of water characteristics of the Shatt Al Arab River in Basrah city was performed in order to determine the quality of water for drinking usage. In this research, monitoring of variation in the characteristics of water was accomplished by collecting monthly water samples for three years. The water samples from the Shatt Al Arab River is analyzed for eight Physical and chemical parameters such as pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), total hardness (TH), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulphate (SO4) and chloride (Cl) using standard methods. Utilizing the WQI discovered that the water quality of the studied river is ranked between very poor water type and not suitable water for drinking usage category. In the present investigation, the quality of water was revealed that the average of WQI value for the studied years was 318, 337.3 and 456.7, respectively.
Severe Shortage and bad quality of Surface water in the area of Diyala Bridge , added to the growing demand for drinking , irrigation and sanitary waters , leads to study and qualify the under ground water in this area , Six shallow wells has been selected to the east of Diyala river , five of them where on shore and the sixth was far away from river about ( 3 km) .The depth of these wells was (10- 14)m . Tests of ( Ph , TDS , BOD , Turbidity , Conductivity ,----etc) where performed during March , June, Aug. in 2008. Heavy metals such as ( Pd , Zn , Cd , Fe , Mn ) has been examined as well . Results of physical , chemical and bacteriological tests show that the water quality of these wells were not comply with WHO requirements ,as well as results show considerable increased concentrations in TDS,BOD and heavy metals which indicates that underground waters were highly polluted with the sanitary waste waters . On the other hand the on shore wells' water quality was very close to the river water quality in comparison with the well in the middle of the town.
The effect of change of channel width on bed load and transport load of sedimentation for given discharge are studied. The transport load is a mathematical function of change in channel width . The phenomena of transport load of sedimentation in a meandering alluvial channels are significant problems in river engineering and important factor that effects on the works of river control . The finite element model is developed to determine the effect of change of channel width on bed load capacity to ( 2.5 km ) length of the Euphrates river within hit city used value of manning roughness is ( 0.028 ). Calculated the optimum width actualized maximum transport capacity .
ABSTRACT An applied hydrological models were performed to model the rainfall-runoff relationship for Upper Adhaim River Basin. Three lumped integral models (hydrologic models) based upon the concept of the unit hydrograph were applied to analyze the rainfall-runoff relationship on a daily basis. These models are: the Simple Linear Model (SLM), the Linear Variable Gain Factor Model (LVGFM), and the Non-Linear Model (NLM). Five performance evaluation criteria have been used in this study. The application results of the (SLM) model showed a weak rainfall-runoff relationship. It was demonstrated that the linear assumption is valid only for the first four antecedent days. A considerable non-linear rainfall-runoff relationship was clearly observed from the results of (LVGFM) and the (NLM) models. Both models were satisfactorily identified at system memory of (17) antecedent days. However, the (LVGFM) was slightly superior to the (NLM). The (LVGFM) identified at system memory of seventeen antecedent days was used to simulate runoff flows. The simulation results show an acceptable applicability for the (LVGFM) in terms of simulating runoff events in time of its occurrence and volumetric fitness. The water budget for Upper Adhaim River Basin showed that an average of 73.4% from annual rainfall was evapotranspired, 8.0% was infiltrated and 18.6% was observed as direct runoff.
Wadi Houran is one of the largest valleys in Iraq. Although it is discharging billions of rainfall water over/during many years to Euphrates river, it's almost devoid of agricultural investment. The current study aims to focus on this important valley water resource and study the possibility of constructing a series of small dams to store rainfall water and planting forestry and establishing a natural reserve that is able to sustain and improve ecology system. Target area of 4000 km2 is selected in the midstream of the valley. In general, it is about one billion m3 of rainwater flowing to Euphrates River during some years with yearly average values about 400 Mm3. Four dams were constructed to store about 46 Mm3 of rainwater. It is possible to construct small-dam-series of optimal height and location to expand the rainwater harvesting and groundwater recharging. A Current study was done and aimed to establish of oases and natural reserves in order to improve climate conditions, minimize the dust and CO2, mitigation of summer high temperature and decrease the soil erosion due to torrents. This study recommended constructing 13 optimal height dams that store about 303 Mm3 of water, and increase the water surface area of reservoirs in this valley from 15 to 90 km2which leads increase the water volume that is recharging ground water from 4.7 Mm3 to 28 Mm3 per year.
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This research aims to study sediment discharges in Al Anbar Thermal Power Station in two phases the first phases include a follow-up study sediment load from the river by taking samples at different depths and different discharges, and noted measurements, calculations for each section while the second phases included an account of the tonnage of river sediment through the program depends on the equation of Meyer, to five sections (18, 26, 35.43, 45) with the observation results and do a comparison between the two phases. Research has included also employ technology of remote sensing and geographic information system GIS in the study of the waters of the Euphrates at thermal power plant after an analytical study was taken amount sediment and size in the study area and then link results with the geographic information system GIS for the purpose of producing layers represent the nature of the spatial distribution of these Sediments on the entire study area and the aerial imagery of software Google Earth with the use of the program (Arc view), one of the geographic information system software. The research concluded give recommendations for controlling the movement of sediment when the at Al Anbar Thermal Power Station Outlet through two main axes of them increase the flow velocity exceeds the critical velocity and the other includes the disposal of sediments away from the site of the station outlet.
The look for the new water resources and the optimal using of available water is very important because of high change in the climate of the earth, the dry wave in the region as well as the decreases of the water inflow to the Euphrates and the tigress river because of the building of the dams upstream the basin in Turkey and Syria. In the present study, four biggest catchments area in the Iraqi western desert (wadi Horan, wadi AlGhadaf, wadi Ubayiad, wadi Tubul) were selected to study the hydrologic properties to determine the best region for the water harvesting because these areas include the most water harvesting project such as the small dams. Present hydrologic study was depended on the available data to determine the amount of runoff that can be harvested according to measuring data of metrological station in the region with the method of hydrograph for analysis. For the period (1971-1976) the study showed wadi Al-ghdaf is the best region for water harvesting according to the number of floods to the cathment area (44 floods) with water volume (1047*106m3), and the average water harvesting (7098.64 m3/km2). The second is wadi Horan the number of floods to the cathment area (33 floods) with water volume (2033.29*106m3), and the average water harvesting (6115.16 m3/km2). Then wadi al Ubyaid number of floods to the cathment area (21 floods) with water volume (405.197*106m3) and the average water harvesting (2493.52 m3/km2). The last one is wadi Tubul with number of floods to the cathment area (18 floods) with water volume (909.36 and the average water harvesting (2231.6 m3/km2)*106m3)
Chlorine contact tank in water and waste water treatment plant suffer from a lack of efficiency disinfected treated water, which discharge to the rivers and they need a large amount of chlorine for the purpose of disinfection as a result of the presence of dead zones in the basins of chlorine as well as the need to contact a long more than exact standard specifications for the tanks disinfection time. This study deal with optimal performance basin mixing chlorine, which is located at the beginning of Chlorine contact tank of waste water treatment plant in the city of Nasiriyah in Dhi Qar, which is located south of the province of Iraq. In this paper, the use of computational fluid dynamic model in the numerical analysis for the purpose of finding the optimum performance of the chlorine mixing tank with the help of the program FLUENT 6.3.26 and program GAMBIT 2.3.16. Also in this study was used User Defined Function for the purpose of improvements of mixing chlorine. Where the results of the study showed that the ideal rotational speed of the mixer is 140 rpm as well as the results showed Numerical Model that can reduce chlorine dose to 5 mgliter, which is the optimum concentration of chlorine to be supplied for wastewater disinfect and is identical to the Iraqi specifications water sanitation, which discharge to the Euphrates River. In this study the best contact time of chlorine which give the best performance for mixing was 20 seconds.
The management of water resources requires adequate information on the quantities of water supplied from the basins that outfall into a river, especially during the flood seasons. The study area located in the western part of Iraq within the administrative boundaries of the Heet district about 70 km from Haditha Dam, 45km from Ramadi in Anbar province. The study aims to evaluate the amount of surface runoff through a long-term period (1981-2019). Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) related to Geographic Information System (ArcGIS) was used for the simulation. The input data was the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of SRTM with resolution 30m, land use/land cover map from the European Space Agency (ESA) with resolution 300m and, soil map from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). The weather data used in the study were obtained from the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) combined with the weather data from the Surface meteorology and Solar Energy (SSE) produced by NASA. These weather data prepared using SWAT weather database software to be ready for the simulation processes. Al-Mohammedi valley was calibrated and validated using SWAT-CUP software using the available recorded discharges at Heet, Ramadi, and Al-Warar gauge stations. The calibration is based on the meteorological data for the period January 1, 2002, to December 31, 2006, and the validation was based on the data between January 1, 2007, to December 31, 2009. The model calibration and validation results based on two objective functions “Nash-Sutcliffe (NS) and coefficient of determination(R2)” showed that SWAT was successfully simulated Al-Mohammedi valley with NS = 0.72 and R2 = 0.76 for calibration, and NS = 0.63 and R2 = 0.65 for validation. According to SWAT results, the average runoff volume in the long-term period of simulation from January 1, 1981, to October 31, 2019, was 79.2 million m3 while the average runoff depth was 18.25 mm with about 17 % of rainfall becomes surface runoff.
In this research the finite element method is used to analyses the effect of groynes on the coefficient of Manning's value in meandering sandy channels is used. A two dimensional model of quadrilateral isoperimetric element is used, two meandering sandy channels were analyzed. The first channel has a central angle of ( 40o) with radius of curvature of (1.7m) , while the second channel has a central angle of ( 60o) with a radius of curvature of (2m) with a trapezoidal cross – section having a lower base of(1m) and side slope of ( 2H : 1V) and with bed slope of channels of ( 0.15% ). The main diameter of the sand used in this research of channels of (0.9mm ) achieved using observed data of Euphrates river at regulator of falluja. Five sections were located on each channels and four different discharges were passed through the two channels, the groynes sloped towards upstream were used in different locations at upstream and down stream of channels.
In this study remote sensing was employed with Geographical Information System (GIS) for study the hydrochemistry properties for Habania Lake that is located on Euphrates river, where the use of traditional methods are not fulfill the demands for study quality and situation of water of great areas which need enough time and money . Analytic study was performed on hydrochemical aspect through samples of store water and make physical and chemical water tests with GIS to product layers represent place distribution nature of these elements on the whole area of reservoir through the use of satellite image. The present study concluded that the use of remote sensing , geographic information system and analytic study for samples was employed to study quality and situation of water .
The research aims at revealing the morphometric characteristics of wadi Jbab Basin, which include areal ,relief characteristics, and the shapes of cross- sections of the valley. The hydrological properties of Jbab basin were studied to estimate the amount of water received by its catchment area during rain falls, thus, the appropriate places for the construction of dams and reservoirs for use in water harvesting can be determined. The area under study is located in Iraqi western plateau , between the latitudes of 33º 55' 45"N to 34 º 27' 50" N, and longitudes 41º 24' 30" E to 41º 43' 00" E. Remote sensing technology (RS) and geographic information systems (GIS) were used to reach the objectives of this research, so Digital Elevation model (DEM) for the year 2009 was brought to program (Arc GIS 9.3) and detected the basin and valley of Jbab automatically by using the hydrological analysis method. The area under study is characterized by the drought with a deficit of water in all months of the year where the highest in the month of July, amounting to 324.5 mm and the lowest in January, 10.92 mm. The geological formations prevail formations limestone, with sandy soil to sand-clay mixture, with lack of density in the vegetation. The average slope in basin of Wadi Jbab is 0.25 degree. There are five ranks of river, the sum of their tributaries 676 tributary within an area of 986.6 km ², and its perimeter is 214.3 km , it is also noticed the form of the basin tends to form a rectangle, with three places suitable for the construction of dams and reservoirs depending on the morphometric and hydrologic information that related to the area of research.