This study investigates the seismic performance of a nine-storey reinforced concrete building located in Seismic Zone 3, focusing on the effectiveness of viscous dampers in enhancing structural resilience. With increasing seismic risks, the integration of damping systems has become critical for mitigating vibrations and improving building safety. The research evaluates four configurations: a fixed-base building with no dampers, buildings with corner dampers featuring uniform and varying force capacities, and a building with middle dampers. The Equivalent Static Load (ESL) and Response Spectrum study (RSA) methods are used in the ETABS 2021 research to look at important factors such the natural period, storey stiffness, storey drift, storey displacement, and overturning moments. These steps are based on the UBC 97 criteria. The results show that viscous dampers do assist structures stay standing during earthquakes. Buildings with corner dampers that could handle different amounts of stress had a natural period that was 37.5% shorter. This means that they were stiffer and could respond to seismic shocks faster. The storey's stiffness went down by 16.7%, and the periods of overturning went down by 5.7%. This shows that the dampers did a great job of getting rid of energy. Also, the maximum storey displacement and drift were 41.6% and 48.14% lower than in the fixed-base model, respectively. These figures show how important it is to put dampers in the right places, especially at corners where the force capacity changes, to make buildings more resistant to earthquakes. The study's conclusion is that viscous dampers make multi-story structures in moderate seismic zones much safer by making them less likely to break and improving how effectively they perform. This study gives engineers and designers important information that makes them desire to use current dampening technologies in tall buildings to make them safer during earthquakes.
One main natural hazard resulting from interactions between rainfall-runoff is flooding. Extreme precipitation causes surface water flow to rise, hence breaking river systems and causing flooding. This work models and forecasts flood dynamics in the Kunhar River basin with the Hydrologic Engineering Centre's Hydrologic Modelling System (HEC-HMS). It shows how well the technology can combine several hydrological data points to precisely project flood paths. These studies have repeatedly shown the dependability of HEC-HMS over many geographical and climatic environments, therefore confirming its fit for thorough hydrological research. HEC-HMS included obtaining thorough datasets comprising historical hydrological data from NASA, spatial information from ARCGIS, and meteorological data from WAPDA in addition to flow rates and water levels. We started the basin model in HEC-HMS by including Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) to define watershed boundaries and record topography. Terrain preprocessing came next to solve discontinuities and guarantee correct water flow modelling. Combining several datasets, the model was designed to reflect the coordinate system and underwent hydrological study to replicate surface water flow, accumulation, and stream networks inside the basin. With subbasin-10 showing the largest peak flow of 132 cubic meters per second during severe rainfall events, especially on August 7, 2013, results revealed that HEC-HMS effectively forecasted peak discharges in the subbasins of the Kunhar River. With an estimate 90% accuracy rate, this proved the great dependability of HEC-HMS in flood prediction. The results show that the model can help with flood management planning and foresee flood circumstances. HEC-HMS's value in designing flood barriers and enhancing watershed management particular to each subbasin. It emphasizes the need of revised hydrological models to consider land use and increasing temperature.
This research investigates air quality and environmental conditions at COMSATS University Islamabad Abbottabad Campus and Missile Chock using IoT-based sensors. Sensors were deployed at both sites to monitor PM 2.5 levels, AQI, temperature, humidity, and gas concentrations. Data was collected over specific intervals and analyzed to identify trends and differences. The methodology involved using IoT-based sensors to capture real-time data on environmental parameters and air quality indicators at both locations, i.e., COMSATS University and Missile Chowk. At COMSATS University, PM 2.5 levels consistently fell within the "Good" category, with readings ranging from 11 to 35 µg/m³. AQI values improved over time, dropping from 91 to 2, indicating effective air quality management. Temperature and humidity remained stable, ranging from 19°C to 21.4°C and 57% to 63%, respectively. The MQ-2 sensor said that the gas levels were between 2550 and 3776 parts per million. On the other hand, Missile Chock had higher PM 2.5 levels, which varied from "Moderate" to "Poor," with values between 11 and 139 µg/m³. Initially, the AQI measurements revealed "Moderate" pollution, but with time, they became better and reached "Good." The humidity was between 18% and 20%, while the temperature was between 30°C and 31.5°C. The MQ-2 sensor results showed that the gas levels were generally high, between 3887 and 4159 ppm. The survey shows that major cities like Missile Chock have greater pollution because of people and automobiles. On the other hand, green locations like COMSATS University have cleaner air. We need to always be aware of air pollution and do something about it so that the air quality in cities improves and the health hazards that come with it decrease.